[DOWNLOAD] Latest Sql Server Interview Questions And Answers
It is highly recommended that these databases are not modified or altered for the smooth functioning of the SQL System. User info could be info that we have a tendency to produce to store information and begin operating with the info. Q27 What are...
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SQL Server Interview Questions
It is typically thought of joined of the High-Availability choices. One of the advantages of Replication is that it can be configured on databases which are in simple recovery model. Q30 What the different types of Replication and why are they used? Answer: There area unit essentially three sorts of replication: photograph, Transactional and Merge Replication. Transactional Replication would helpful once maintaining a duplicate of a transactional table like sales order tables etc.
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The publisher is the data source of a publication. The distributor is chargeable for distributing the info objects to at least one or a lot of destinations. Q32 What are the different Topologies in which Replication can be configured? Answer: Replication is often designed in any topology relying keeping visible of the quality and therefore the work of the complete Replication. That is, in SQL Server , the Installation process itself installs on all of the nodes be it 2 nodes or 3 nodes. In or on top of this has modified, we would need to install separately on all the nodes. Answer: An Active-Passive cluster may be a failover cluster designed in an exceeding manner that just one cluster node is active at any given time.
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An Active-Active cluster is a failover cluster configured in a way that both the cluster nodes are active at any given point in time. That is, one Instance of SQL Server is running on every of the nodes always; once one amongst the nodes encompasses a failure, both the Instances run on the only one node till the unsuccessful node is remarked after fixing the difficulty that caused the node failure.
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The instance is then unsuccessful over back to its selected node. Q38 What is Transparent Data Encryption? Q39 Does Transparent Data Encryption provide encryption when transmitting data across the network? Q40 What are the operating modes in which Database Mirroring runs? Q41 What is the difference between the 2 operating modes of Database Mirroring mentioned in the above answer? High-Performance Mode is to ensure that the Principal database run faster, by not waiting for the Mirrored database to commit the transactions. There is a small likelihood of knowledge loss and conjointly the reflected info may be insulating material behind in terms being up so far with the Principal database.
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When you take a database offline, you the database is not available for users, it is not deleted physically, it can be brought back online. Q44 Which autogrowth database setting is good? Answer: Row compression and Page Compression. Answer: In-place upgrade and Side-by-Side Upgrade. Q47 On a Windows Server Active — Passive failover cluster, how do you find the node which is active? Q48 How do you open a Cluster Administrator? Q49 thanks to some maintenance being done, the SQL Server on a failover cluster needs to be brought down. How do you bring the SQL Server down?
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What are the two authentication modes in SQL Server? There are two authentication modes — Windows Mode Mixed Mode Modes can be changed by selecting the tools menu of SQL Server configuration properties and choose security page. This is mainly used to capture and save data about each event of a file or a table for analysis. What is recursive stored procedure? SQL Server supports recursive stored procedure which calls by itself. Recursive stored procedure can be defined as a method of problem solving wherein the solution is arrived repetitively. It can nest up to 32 levels.
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What are the differences between local and global temporary tables? Local temporary tables are visible when there is a connection, and are deleted when the connection is closed. A CHECK constraint can be applied to a column in a table to limit the values that can be placed in a column. Check constraint is to enforce integrity. Can SQL servers linked to other servers? What is sub query and its properties? A sub-query is a query which can be nested inside a main query like Select, Update, Insert or Delete statements. This can be used when expression is allowed. Properties of sub query can be defined as A sub query should not have order by clause A sub query should be placed in the right hand side of the comparison operator of the main query A sub query should be enclosed in parenthesis because it needs to be executed first before the main query More than one sub query can be included 8.
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What are the types of sub query? There are three types of sub query — Single row sub query which returns only one row Multiple row sub query which returns multiple rows Multiple column sub query which returns multiple columns to the main query. With that sub query result, Main query will be executed. What is SQL server agent? Server agent's purpose is to implement the tasks easily with the scheduler engine which allows our jobs to run at scheduled date and time. What are scheduled tasks in SQL Server? Scheduled tasks or jobs are used to automate processes that can be run on a scheduled time at a regular interval. This scheduling of tasks helps to reduce human intervention during night time and feed can be done at a particular time.
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User can also order the tasks in which it has to be generated. This function is used to return a non-null from more than one column in the arguments. FLOOR function is used to round up a non-integer value to the previous least integer. Can we check locks in database? If so, how can we do this lock check? Yes, we can check locks in the database. What is the use of SIGN function? Example — SIGN returns -1 What is a Trigger? Triggers are used to execute a batch of SQL code when insert or update or delete commands are executed against a table. Triggers are automatically triggered or executed when the data is modified. It can be executed automatically on insert, delete and update operations. What are the types of Triggers? There are four types of triggers and they are: Insert.
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In the Database Mirroring you cannot read from the secondary database, where you can read from the secondary databases in the Always On Availability Groups You can configure the mirroring between two servers only, where you can configure up to eight secondary replicas in the Always On Availability Groups You can perform automatic failover in the Database Mirroring only if there is a witness server configured, but the automatic failover is always possible between the primary and secondary replicas in the Always On Availability Groups Database Mirroring is configured for each database separately, and the failover is performed at the database level, where you can configure the Always On Availability Group to involve multiple databases at the same time using a single wizard and perform the failover at the databases group level Q5: How does the synchronization process performed in the SQL Server Always On Availability Groups between the different replicas? The primary sends the transaction log record from the primary database to the secondary database At the secondary side, the transaction logs will be written to the secondary database transaction log file for caching, in order to redo the transactions in the secondary database With the asynchronous-commit availability mode, no need for the primary replica to wait for the secondary replica to write transaction log records to disk Q6: What is the Availability Group stands for?
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A group of databases hosted in a SQL Server instance called primary replica that is copied to and synchronized with up to eight servers, called secondary replicas. Synchronous-commit mode, in which the primary replica will wait until getting confirmation from the secondary replicas, that the logs are written to the database transaction log file before committing that transaction at the primary side Asynchronous-commit mode, in which the primary replica will commit the transaction directly without waiting to receive the confirmation from the secondary replicas that the logs are written to the transaction log file of the secondary database Q8: What is the failover process and when will the SQL Server decide to perform failover in the SQL Server Always On Availability Group? The failover is a process in which the primary role and the secondary role are interchangeable between the availability replicas. The failover process will be issued in case of any server-level failure.
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No failover process will be performed in case of any database issue, such as data loss or database corruption, unless the Database Level Health Detection feature is enabled. Q9: What is the Availability Group Listener? A virtual network name that allows the users to connect to the Primary or the secondary replicas. We need to uncheck the Add all eligible storage to the cluster option. This is due to the fact that Always On Availability Group feature works based on having dedicated storage for each replica without having shared storage between the replicas.
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What is the database engine in SQL Server? These services typically are started when the operating system starts. This depends on what is specified during setup; some services are not started by default. A service is a type of application executable that runs in the system background. Services usually provide core operating system features, such as Web serving, event logging, or file serving. Services can run without showing a user interface on the computer desktop. This article describes the management of the various SQL Server services on your machine. After you are logged in, you can perform tasks such as administering the server or querying a database. It should look like Figure 1. Answer: The purpose of analysis services is to turn data into information and provide quick and easy access to that information for decision-makers.
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SSAS provides OLAP by letting you design, create and manage multidimensional structures that contain data aggregated from other data sources, such as relational databases. It also provides many data mining algorithms for mining data from data sources. For delivering OLAP and data mining, it uses client and server technologies. The main idea of SSAS is to provide fast results from data sources when we apply a query because in order to make a decision we need data of various dimensions.
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We will look at the components of the Architecture in detail. Server Architecture: This runs as a Windows service. The Msmdsrv. All queries and calculations are resolved by the server only. So for each request, a server to client connection is required. There are several providers with SSAS to support various programming languages. These providers communicate using SOAP packets. What are the integration services in SQL Server? Answer: Integration Services is a platform for building high-performance data integration and workflow solutions, including extraction, transformation, and loading ETL operations for data warehousing. This includes graphical tools and wizards for building and debugging packages.
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What are the two authentication modes in SQL Server? There are two authentication modes — Windows Mode Mixed Mode Modes can be changed by selecting the tools menu of SQL Server configuration properties and choose security page. This is mainly used to capture and save data about each event of a file or a table for analysis. What is recursive stored procedure? SQL Server supports recursive stored procedure which calls by itself.
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Recursive stored procedure can be defined as a method of problem solving wherein the solution is arrived repetitively. It can nest up to 32 levels. What are the differences between local and global temporary tables? Local temporary tables are visible when there is a connection, and are deleted when the connection is closed. A CHECK constraint can be applied to a column in a table to limit the values that can be placed in a column. Check constraint is to enforce integrity.
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Can SQL servers linked to other servers? What is sub query and its properties? A sub-query is a query which can be nested inside a main query like Select, Update, Insert or Delete statements. This can be used when expression is allowed. Properties of sub query can be defined as A sub query should not have order by clause A sub query should be placed in the right hand side of the comparison operator of the main query A sub query should be enclosed in parenthesis because it needs to be executed first before the main query More than one sub query can be included 8. What are the types of sub query? There are three types of sub query — Single row sub query which returns only one row Multiple row sub query which returns multiple rows Multiple column sub query which returns multiple columns to the main query. With that sub query result, Main query will be executed. What is SQL server agent? Server agent's purpose is to implement the tasks easily with the scheduler engine which allows our jobs to run at scheduled date and time.
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What are scheduled tasks in SQL Server? Scheduled tasks or jobs are used to automate processes that can be run on a scheduled time at a regular interval. This scheduling of tasks helps to reduce human intervention during night time and feed can be done at a particular time. User can also order the tasks in which it has to be generated. This function is used to return a non-null from more than one column in the arguments.
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FLOOR function is used to round up a non-integer value to the previous least integer. Can we check locks in database? If so, how can we do this lock check? Yes, we can check locks in the database. What is the use of SIGN function? Example — SIGN returns -1 What is a Trigger? Triggers are used to execute a batch of SQL code when insert or update or delete commands are executed against a table. Triggers are automatically triggered or executed when the data is modified. It can be executed automatically on insert, delete and update operations. What are the types of Triggers? There are four types of triggers and they are: Insert.
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View answer For SQL 7. For SQL 6. View answer It depends. A delete operation can be performed on records in a simple view, but not in a complex view. View answer The use of Merge Join and Lookup components is based on the type of data relationship between two tables, i. The Merge Join is used for joining data from two or more datasources and inserting the merged data into one denormalized target datasource. The Merge Join component takes two input sources and the merged data is transfered to a single target data output. The Lookup component is used in SSIS where there is for one input record one matched record in the target source.
50 Best SQL Server Interview Questions and Answers
Both the source and target satisfy the one-to-one relation. What problems can happen when using this hint and how can these problems be addressed? It should be used when accessing large tables and tables with data that rarely changes. If too many locks are created, row-level locks can be escalated to block-level then table locks. Table locks especially on core tables will pause most processing on that database instance until that SQL operation completes. Dirty data can lead to data integrity issues if a system is not coded to handle this situation. This prevents data changes from occurring if a query reads dirty data. This requires more code to determine that an update or delete did not occur and then to take the appropriate action to recover. Considering the database schema displayed in the diagram below, write a SQL query which lists all invoices billed to the customer who has the highest number of invoices.
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Note that there may be more than one customer tied for most invoices, in which case the invoices for all of them should be listed. View answer The point here is to see if the candidate can break down a complex query into simpler parts. There is more to interviewing than tricky technical questions, so these are intended merely as a guide. At the end of the day, hiring remains an art, a science — and a lot of work. Submit an interview question Submitted questions and answers are subject to review and editing, and may or may not be selected for posting, at the sole discretion of Toptal, LLC.
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Q2 What is normalization? Explain different levels of normalization? It is the way to eliminate redundant data Reduces null value Enables efficient indexing 1NF — Removes duplicated attributes, Attribute data should be atomic, and attribute should be the same kind. All the attributes which are dependent on the other non-key attributes should also be removed. It is the reverse process of normalization. It increases query performance by reducing the joins. It is used for OLAP applications. Q4 How do you implement one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships while designing tables?
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Rarely it is implemented in two tables. For each instance, in the first entity, there is one and only one in the second entity and vice versa. One to Many —For each instance, in the first entity, there can be one or more in the second entity. For each instance, in the second entity, there can be one and only one instance in the first entity. Many to Many —For each instance, in the first entity there can be one or more instances in the second entity and moreover, for each instance in the second entity there can be one or more instances in the first entity. Q5 Difference between Primary key and Unique key. Enforces uniqueness of the column in a table 2. Default clustered index 3.
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Does do not Allow nulls Unique Key 1. Enforces the uniqueness of the column in a table. Default non-clustered index. Q6 Define the following keys: Ans. Candidate key, Alternate key, Composite key. Candidate key —Key which can uniquely identify a row in the table. Alternate key —If the table has more than one candidate key and when one becomes a primary key the rest becomes alternate keys. Composite key —More than one key uniquely identifies a row in a table. It is a value that will be used by a column if no value is supplied to that column while inserting data. Q8 What are user-defined data types and when you should go for them? Lets you extend the base SQL Server data types by providing a descriptive name and format to the database E. A transaction is a logical unit of work in which, all the steps must be performed or none. These are the properties of a transaction. It plays a very major part. When building a new system, or adding to an existing system, it is crucial that the design is correct.
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Ensuring that the correct data is captured and is placed in the appropriate tables, that the right relationships exist between the tables, and that data redundancy is eliminated is an ultimate goal when considering performance. Planning a design should be an iterative process, and constantly reviewed as an application is developed. It is rare, although it should be the point that everyone tries to achieve, when the initial design and system goals are not altered, no matter how slightly. Therefore, a designer has to be on top of this and ensure that the design of the database remains efficient. Q11 What can a developer do during the logical and physical design of a database in order to help ensure that their database and SQL Server-based application will perform well? A developer must investigate volumes of data capacity planning , what types of information will be stored, and how that data will be accessed. If you are dealing with an upgrade to an existing system, analyzing the present data and where existing data volumes occur, how that data is accessed and where the current response bottlenecks are occurring, can help you search for problem areas in the design.
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A new system would require a thorough investigation of what data will be captured, and looking at volumes of data held in other formats also will aid design. Knowing your data is just as important as knowing the constituents of your data. Also, constantly revisit your design. As your system is built, check relationships, volumes of data, and indexes to ensure that the physical design is still at its optimum. Q12 What are the main steps in Data Modeling? Logical — Planning, Analysis, and Design 2.
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Explain different types of cursors. What are the disadvantages of cursors? How can you avoid cursors? Cursors allow row-by-row processing of the result sets. Types of cursors: Static — Makes a temporary copy of the data and stores in tempdb and any modifications on the base table does not reflect in data returned by fetches made by the cursor. Dynamic — Reflects all changes in the base table. Forward-only — specifies that the cursor can only fetch sequentially from first to last. Keyset-driven — Keyset is the set of keys that uniquely identifies a row is built in a tempdb. Disadvantages of cursors: Each time you fetch a row from the cursor, it results in a network roundtrip, whereas a normal SELECT query makes only one roundtrip, however large the result set is. Cursors are also costly because they require more resources and temporary storage results in more IO operations. Most of the time set-based operations can be used instead of cursors.
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