[GET] The Celebrated Jumping Frog Of Calaveras County Selection Test Answers
He cheated Jim Smiley out of 40 Dollars. Why is it ironic when Smiley loses? Dramatic irony takes place when we the reader knows something that the character do not. Throughout that whole frog jumping competition Jim was completely oblivious that...
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Selection Focus 1-1 Literary Elements Trans. 1-1.
I believe Jim Smiley was satirized because he was a gambler, someone who is not usually held in high respect, but Wheeler spoke of him with sincerity. I also believe that he was satirized by being such a clever and lucky guy, yet at the end he was outsmarted by the stranger. His need to gamble and find the stranger a frog lost him that bet, which shows the story has irony.
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Clemens was an American humorist, journalist, lecturer, and novelist who acquired international fame for his travel narratives, especially The Innocents Abroad , Roughing It , and Life on the Mississippi , and for his adventure stories of boyhood, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Youth Samuel Clemens, the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Moffit Clemens, was born two months prematurely and was in relatively poor health for the first 10 years of his life.
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His mother tried various allopathic and hydropathic remedies on him during those early years, and his recollections of those instances along with other memories of his growing up would eventually find their way into Tom Sawyer and other writings. Because he was sickly, Clemens was often coddled, particularly by his mother, and he developed early the tendency to test her indulgence through mischief, offering only his good nature as bond for the domestic crimes he was apt to commit.
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John Clemens, by all reports, was a serious man who seldom demonstrated affection. No doubt his temperament was affected by his worries over his financial situation, made all the more distressing by a series of business failures. It was the diminishing fortunes of the Clemens family that led them in to move 30 miles 50 km east from Florida , Mo. In the meantime, the debts accumulated. Still, John Clemens believed the Tennessee land he had purchased in the late s some 70, acres [28, hectares] might one day make them wealthy, and this prospect cultivated in the children a dreamy hope. Late in his life, Twain reflected on this promise that became a curse: It put our energies to sleep and made visionaries of us—dreamers and indolent.
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The man who has not experienced it cannot imagine the curse of it. Judging from his own speculative ventures in silver mining, business, and publishing, it was a curse that Sam Clemens never quite outgrew. Perhaps it was the romantic visionary in him that caused Clemens to recall his youth in Hannibal with such fondness. The gamblers, stevedores, and pilots, the boisterous raftsmen and elegant travelers, all bound for somewhere surely glamorous and exciting, would have impressed a young boy and stimulated his already active imagination. And the lives he might imagine for these living people could easily be embroidered by the romantic exploits he read in the works of James Fenimore Cooper, Sir Walter Scott, and others.
"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" by Mark Twain
Those same adventures could be reenacted with his companions as well, and Clemens and his friends did play at being pirates, Robin Hood, and other fabled adventurers. Among those companions was Tom Blankenship, an affable but impoverished boy whom Twain later identified as the model for the character Huckleberry Finn. There were local diversions as well—fishing, picnicking, and swimming. It is not surprising that the pleasant events of youth, filtered through the softening lens of memory, might outweigh disturbing realities. However, in many ways the childhood of Samuel Clemens was a rough one. Death from disease during this time was common.
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His sister Margaret died of a fever when Clemens was not yet four years old; three years later his brother Benjamin died. When he was eight, a measles epidemic potentially lethal in those days was so frightening to him that he deliberately exposed himself to infection by climbing into bed with his friend Will Bowen in order to relieve the anxiety. A cholera epidemic a few years later killed at least 24 people, a substantial number for a small town. Even before that year, however, continuing debts had forced them to auction off property, to sell their only slave, Jennie, to take in boarders, even to sell their furniture.
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Apart from family worries, the social environment was hardly idyllic. Missouri was a slave state, and, though the young Clemens had been reassured that chattel slavery was an institution approved by God, he nevertheless carried with him memories of cruelty and sadness that he would reflect upon in his maturity. Then there was the violence of Hannibal itself. In January Clemens watched a man die in the street after he had been shot by a local merchant; this incident provided the basis for the Boggs shooting in Huckleberry Finn. Two years later he witnessed the drowning of one of his friends, and only a few days later, when he and some friends were fishing on Sny Island, on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, they discovered the drowned and mutilated body of a fugitive slave. He lived sparingly in the Ament household but was allowed to continue his schooling and, from time to time, indulge in boyish amusements. Nevertheless, by the time Clemens was 13, his boyhood had effectively come to an end.
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Apprenticeships In the oldest Clemens boy, Orion, returned from St. Louis, Mo. A year later he bought the Hannibal Journal, and Sam and his younger brother Henry worked for him. Some of those early sketches, such as The Dandy Frightening the Squatter , appeared in Eastern newspapers and periodicals. Epaminondas Adrastus Perkins. Having acquired a trade by age 17, Clemens left Hannibal in with some degree of self-sufficiency. For almost two decades he would be an itinerant labourer, trying many occupations. He worked briefly as a typesetter in St. Louis in before traveling to New York City to work at a large printing shop. From there he went to Philadelphia and on to Washington , D. During his time in the East, which lasted until early , he read widely and took in the sights of these cities. He was acquiring, if not a worldly air, at least a broader perspective than that offered by his rural background. Orion had moved briefly to Muscatine, Iowa , with their mother, where he had established the Muscatine Journal before relocating to Keokuk, Iowa, and opening a printing shop there.
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Sam Clemens joined his brother in Keokuk in and was a partner in the business for a little over a year, but he then moved to Cincinnati, Ohio , to work as a typesetter. Still restless and ambitious, he booked passage in on a steamboat bound for New Orleans , La. Instead, he saw a more immediate opportunity and persuaded the accomplished riverboat captain Horace Bixby to take him on as an apprentice. Because Bixby was an exceptional pilot and had a license to navigate the Missouri River and the upper as well as the lower Mississippi, lucrative opportunities several times took him upstream. On those occasions, Clemens was transferred to other veteran pilots and thereby learned the profession more quickly and thoroughly than he might have otherwise. The profession of riverboat pilot was, as he confessed many years later in Old Times on the Mississippi, the most congenial one he had ever followed.
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He met and fell in love with Laura Wright, eight years his junior. The courtship dissolved in a misunderstanding, but she remained the remembered sweetheart of his youth. He also arranged a job for his younger brother Henry on the riverboat Pennsylvania. The boilers exploded, however, and Henry was fatally injured. Clemens was not on board when the accident occurred, but he blamed himself for the tragedy. His experience as a cub and then as a full-fledged pilot gave him a sense of discipline and direction he might never have acquired elsewhere. Before this period his had been a directionless knockabout life; afterward he had a sense of determined possibility.
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He continued to write occasional pieces throughout these years and, in one satirical sketch, River Intelligence , lampooned the self-important senior pilot Isaiah Sellers, whose observations of the Mississippi were published in a New Orleans newspaper. The Civil War severely curtailed river traffic, and, fearing that he might be impressed as a Union gunboat pilot, Clemens brought his years on the river to a halt a mere two years after he had acquired his license. He returned to Hannibal, where he joined the prosecessionist Marion Rangers, a ragtag lot of about a dozen men. After only two uneventful weeks, during which the soldiers mostly retreated from Union troops rumoured to be in the vicinity, the group disbanded. A few of the men joined other Confederate units, and the rest, along with Clemens, scattered.
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Twain would recall this experience, a bit fuzzily and with some fictional embellishments, in The Private History of the Campaign That Failed In that memoir he extenuated his history as a deserter on the grounds that he was not made for soldiering. Like the fictional Huckleberry Finn, whose narrative he was to publish in , Clemens then lit out for the territory. Clemens submitted several letters to the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, and these attracted the attention of the editor, Joseph Goodman, who offered him a salaried job as a reporter. He was again embarked on an apprenticeship, in the hearty company of a group of writers sometimes called the Sagebrush Bohemians, and again he succeeded. The Nevada Territory was a rambunctious and violent place during the boom years of the Comstock Lode, from its discovery in to its peak production in the late s.
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Nearby Virginia City was known for its gambling and dance halls, its breweries and whiskey mills, its murders, riots, and political corruption. He was often indignant and prone to expose fraud and corruption when he found them. This was a dangerous indulgence, for violent retribution was not uncommon. In February Clemens covered the legislative session in Carson City and wrote three letters for the Enterprise. Clemens seized it. It would be several years before this pen name would acquire the firmness of a full-fledged literary persona, however.
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Some of his articles and sketches had appeared in New York papers, and he became the Nevada correspondent for the San Francisco Morning Call. In , after challenging the editor of a rival newspaper to a duel and then fearing the legal consequences for this indiscretion, he left Virginia City for San Francisco and became a full-time reporter for the Call. Finding that work tiresome, he began contributing to the Golden Era and the new literary magazine the Californian, edited by Bret Harte. After he published an article expressing his fiery indignation at police corruption in San Francisco, and after a man with whom he associated was arrested in a brawl, Clemens decided it prudent to leave the city for a time. He went to the Tuolumne foothills to do some mining. It was there that he heard the story of a jumping frog. The story was widely known, but it was new to Clemens, and he took notes for a literary representation of the tale.
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Meanwhile, he tried, unsuccessfully, to publish a book made up of his letters from Hawaii. He had ambitions to enlarge his reputation and his audience, and the announcement of a transatlantic excursion to Europe and the Holy Land provided him with just such an opportunity. The Alta paid the substantial fare in exchange for some 50 letters he would write concerning the trip. Eventually his account of the voyage was published as The Innocents Abroad It was a great success. The trip abroad was fortuitous in another way. He met on the boat a young man named Charlie Langdon, who invited Clemens to dine with his family in New York and introduced him to his sister Olivia; the writer fell in love with her. They were married in February A son, Langdon, was born in November , but the boy was frail and would die of diphtheria less than two years later. Clemens came to dislike Buffalo and hoped that he and his family might move to the Nook Farm area of Hartford, Conn.
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Advanced Search SUMMARY Maximal performance is an essential metric for understanding many aspects of an organism's biology, but it can be difficult to determine because a measured maximum may reflect only a peak level of effort, not a physiological limit. We used a unique opportunity provided by a frog jumping contest to evaluate the validity of existing laboratory estimates of maximum jumping performance in bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana. We recorded video of bullfrog jumps over the course of the 4-day contest at the Calaveras County Jumping Frog Jubilee, and determined jump distance from these images and a calibration of the jump arena. Compared with rental frogs, professionally jumped frogs jumped farther, and the distribution of jump distances for this group was skewed towards long jumps. Calculated muscular work, historical records and the skewed distribution of jump distances all suggest that the longest jumps represent the true performance limit for this species.
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Using resampling, we estimated the probability of observing a given jump distance for various sample sizes, showing that large sample sizes are required to detect rare maximal jumps. These results show the importance of sample size, animal motivation and physiological conditions for accurate maximal performance estimates. Several aspects of maximal locomotor performance are readily testable in the laboratory, show strong repeatability within individuals, and often correlate with key physiological variables Adolph and Pickering, ; Bennett, ; Bennett and Huey, ; Huey and Dunham, ; Irschick and Garland Jr.
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However, maximal performance studies can be confounded by persistently sub-maximal behavior of individuals, particularly when sample size is limited Bennett and Huey, ; Losos et al. The maximal jumping ability of anurans is a mechanically simple escape behavior that has been used to study the links between performance and morphology Zug, , enzyme activity Putnam and Bennett, , muscle physiology Lutz and Rome, ; Marsh and John-Alder, ; Peplowski and Marsh, and ecology Phillips et al. Studies of mechanical power output during maximal jumps have revealed that many frog species consistently generate mechanical work outputs that are close to the theoretical limits for vertebrate skeletal muscle Peplowski and Marsh, These high work outputs are facilitated by an elastic mechanism that allows muscle work to be stored slowly, followed by an explosive release of this energy to produce very high power outputs during a jump Astley and Roberts, ; Peplowski and Marsh, While several frogs studied to date show evidence of an elastic power amplifier and high muscle work outputs during jumping, there is variation among species.
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Specifically, bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana and their smaller congenerics typically produce much lower mechanical work output during jumping when compared with hylid tree frogs. These differences are apparent in a simple comparison of maximum jump distance for Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis and bullfrogs. The single best jump recorded in the laboratory for a Cuban tree frog is 1. The consistently lower maximal jumping performance of ranid frogs has been attributed to a tradeoff between jumping and swimming performance in these semi-aquatic animals Olson and Marsh, Conclusions about interspecific variation in performance rely on the assumption that performance measured in the laboratory represents a true maximum. In few cases can objective criteria be applied to assess the level of effort during a maximal performance trial. Experimenters address this challenge methodologically by performing a large number of trials on as large a sample of animals as possible, and often by excluding poor performers based on subjective observations Losos et al.
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Our own confidence in the effectiveness of this approach in studies of bullfrog jumping was shaken by observations recorded not in the scientific literature, but in another source for reports of animal performance extremes, The Guinness Book of World Records Guinness World Records, The Guinness Book of World Records reports a record from a frog jumping contest, the Calaveras County Frog Jumping Jubilee, in which contestants attempt to maximize the straight-line distance covered by a bullfrog in a series of three jumps. This reported value would correspond to a single jump distance of 2. This is strikingly different from the typical values of 1 m observed in scientific studies, and well beyond the single longest jump distance of 1.
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The contest consists of 3 days of qualifying rounds, followed by a day of finals to determine the winner. Contestants fall into two categories. We saw the contest as an opportunity to test the hypotheses that current laboratory-based measurements of frog jumping underestimate true maximal performance, and that large sample sizes are necessary to provide reliable estimates of maximal performance in bullfrogs. We used high-definition video recordings of the 84th annual contest to determine jump distance, and used this unusually large biomechanical data set to attempt to determine the sample sizes needed to observe maximum performance. Video files were de-interlaced prior to digitizing.
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All frogs were bullfrogs [R. Contestants placed their frog on a standard starting location and induced them to jump three times in succession in order to achieve the maximum straight-line distance from the starting point. Contestants motivated the frogs by yelling, touching the frog, blowing on it, lunging towards it, or combinations thereof, although contact with the frog is forbidden after the first jump.
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Although only three jumps were required, some frogs jumped additional times, and these jumps were also included in our analysis. At the beginning and end of each day filming, a brief clip was recorded of a calibration grid placed on the stage consisting of six cm squares, which were then digitized using a MATLAB digitizing script Hedrick, These data were used to create a perspective transformation that was applied to digitized coordinates from jump videos. The locations of the frog's body at the first perceptible jump movement and first body—ground contact were digitized for each jump in the sequence and perspective transformed in MATLAB, and distances and jump durations were computed from transformed data.
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To assess accuracy, at the end of each day we filmed a tape measure locked at cm as it was placed in seven locations around the stage at various angles to the camera. Rental frogs versus professionally jumped frogs Frogs were categorized into two discrete groups. These teams collected frogs from specific sites and pre-screened them for jump ability, then maintained, prepared and stimulated the frogs to jump using methods gleaned from trial-and-error experience. Although we were not allowed to take measurements of frogs in the pros group, there were no visually discernible differences in size or overall morphology. A small number of frogs were brought by independent individuals not associated with teams, or were not identified as either rentals or pros; these categories were not included as part of the rentals or pros data sets, because of uncertain background and low sample sizes, but were included in overall results.
"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" by Mark Twain - Vocabulary List : 1medicoguia.com
While a given jump distance can be achieved via many combinations of takeoff velocity and angle, each of these combinations will result in a different jump duration, only one of which will match our observed jump duration. As in Marsh Marsh, , we divided the jump into three periods: takeoff from the start of motion until takeoff , aerial ballistic motion from takeoff until the center of mass descended to the level at takeoff and descending from center of mass reaching takeoff height until ground contact. Takeoff duration was: 1 where Lcm is the distance from the distal toe tip to the center of mass with legs fully extended and Vt is takeoff velocity Marsh, Descending duration was approximated as: 3 and the total jump duration is the sum of all three Eqns 1 , 2 and 3 : 4 Because horizontal velocity does not vary during ballistic motion, assuming a constant acceleration and angle during takeoff as in Eqn 1 , total jump duration can also be expressed as: 5 where Djump is total jump distance, which can be re-arranged to: 6 and substituted into Eqn 4 to get: 7 allowing calculation of an estimated Tj for a given angle based on actual Tj, jump distance and Lcm.
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